Core.Blang
SourceBoolean expressions.
A blang is a boolean expression built up by applying the usual boolean operations to properties that evaluate to true or false in some context.
For example, imagine writing a config file for an application that filters a stream of integers. Your goal is to keep only those integers that are multiples of either -3 or 5. Using Blang
for this task, the code might look like:
module Property = struct
type t =
| Multiple_of of int
| Positive
| Negative
[@@deriving sexp]
let eval t num =
match t with
| Multiple_of n -> num % n = 0
| Positive -> num > 0
| Negative -> num < 0
end
type config = {
keep : Property.t Blang.t;
} [@@deriving sexp]
let config = {
keep =
Blang.t_of_sexp
Property.t_of_sexp
(Sexp.of_string
"(or (and negative (multiple_of 3)) (and positive (multiple_of 5)))";
}
let keep config num : bool =
Blang.eval config.keep (fun p -> Property.eval p num)
Note how positive
and negative
and multiple_of
become operators in a small, newly-defined boolean expression language that allows you to write statements like (and negative (multiple_of 3))
.
The blang sexp syntax is almost exactly the derived one, except that:
1. Base properties are not marked explicitly. Thus, if your base property type has elements FOO, BAR, etc., then you could write the following Blang s-expressions:
FOO (and FOO BAR) (if FOO BAR BAZ)
and so on. Note that this gets in the way of using the blang "keywords" in your value language.
2. And
and Or
take a variable number of arguments, so that one can (and probably should) write
(and FOO BAR BAZ QUX)
instead of
(and FOO (and BAR (and BAZ QUX)))
If you want to see the derived sexp, use Raw.sexp_of_t
.
Note that the sexps are not directly inferred from the type below -- there are lots of fancy shortcuts. Also, the sexps for 'a
must not look anything like blang sexps. Otherwise t_of_sexp
will fail. The directly inferred sexps are available via Raw.sexp_of_t
.
include Bin_prot.Binable.S_local1 with type +'a t := 'a t
include Ppx_hash_lib.Hashable.S1 with type +'a t := 'a t
val hash_fold_t :
(Base.Hash.state -> 'a -> Base.Hash.state) ->
Base.Hash.state ->
'a t ->
Base.Hash.state
include Typerep_lib.Typerepable.S1 with type +'a t := 'a t
val typerep_of_t :
'a Typerep_lib.Std_internal.Typerep.t ->
'a t Typerep_lib.Std_internal.Typerep.t
constant_value t = Some b
iff t = constant b
The following two functions are useful when one wants to pretend that 'a t
has constructors And
and Or
of type 'a t list -> 'a t
. The pattern of use is
match t with
| And (_, _) as t -> let ts = gather_conjuncts t in ...
| Or (_, _) as t -> let ts = gather_disjuncts t in ...
| ...
or, in case you also want to handle True
(resp. False
) as a special case of conjunction (disjunction)
match t with
| True | And (_, _) as t -> let ts = gather_conjuncts t in ...
| False | Or (_, _) as t -> let ts = gather_disjuncts t in ...
| ...
gather_conjuncts t
gathers up all toplevel conjuncts in t
. For example,
gather_conjuncts (and_ ts) = ts
gather_conjuncts (And (t1, t2)) = gather_conjuncts t1 @ gather_conjuncts t2
gather_conjuncts True = []
gather_conjuncts t = [t]
when t
matches neither And (_, _)
nor True
gather_disjuncts t
gathers up all toplevel disjuncts in t
. For example,
gather_disjuncts (or_ ts) = ts
gather_disjuncts (Or (t1, t2)) = gather_disjuncts t1 @ gather_disjuncts t2
gather_disjuncts False = []
gather_disjuncts t = [t]
when t
matches neither Or (_, _)
nor False
include Container.S1 with type 'a t := 'a t
Checks whether the provided element is there, using equal
.
fold t ~init ~f
returns f (... f (f (f init e1) e2) e3 ...) en
, where e1..en
are the elements of t
val fold_result :
'a t ->
init:'acc ->
f:('acc -> 'a -> ('acc, 'e) Base.Result.t) ->
('acc, 'e) Base.Result.t
fold_result t ~init ~f
is a short-circuiting version of fold
that runs in the Result
monad. If f
returns an Error _
, that value is returned without any additional invocations of f
.
val fold_until :
'a t ->
init:'acc ->
f:('acc -> 'a -> ('acc, 'final) Base.Container.Continue_or_stop.t) ->
finish:('acc -> 'final) ->
'final
fold_until t ~init ~f ~finish
is a short-circuiting version of fold
. If f
returns Stop _
the computation ceases and results in that value. If f
returns Continue _
, the fold will proceed. If f
never returns Stop _
, the final result is computed by finish
.
Example:
type maybe_negative =
| Found_negative of int
| All_nonnegative of { sum : int }
(** [first_neg_or_sum list] returns the first negative number in [list], if any,
otherwise returns the sum of the list. *)
let first_neg_or_sum =
List.fold_until ~init:0
~f:(fun sum x ->
if x < 0
then Stop (Found_negative x)
else Continue (sum + x))
~finish:(fun sum -> All_nonnegative { sum })
;;
let x = first_neg_or_sum [1; 2; 3; 4; 5]
val x : maybe_negative = All_nonnegative {sum = 15}
let y = first_neg_or_sum [1; 2; -3; 4; 5]
val y : maybe_negative = Found_negative -3
Returns true
if and only if there exists an element for which the provided function evaluates to true
. This is a short-circuiting operation.
Returns true
if and only if the provided function evaluates to true
for all elements. This is a short-circuiting operation.
Returns the number of elements for which the provided function evaluates to true.
Returns the sum of f i
for all i
in the container.
val sum :
(module Base.Container.Summable with type t = 'sum) ->
'a t ->
f:('a -> 'sum) ->
'sum
Returns as an option
the first element for which f
evaluates to true.
Returns the first evaluation of f
that returns Some
, and returns None
if there is no such element.
Returns a minimum (resp maximum) element from the collection using the provided compare
function, or None
if the collection is empty. In case of a tie, the first element encountered while traversing the collection is returned. The implementation uses fold
so it has the same complexity as fold
.
Blang.t
sports a substitution monad:
return v
is Base v
(think of v
as a variable)bind t f
replaces every Base v
in t
with f v
(think of v
as a variable and f
as specifying the term to substitute for each variable)Note: bind t f
does short-circuiting, so f
may not be called on every variable in t
.
include Interfaces.Monad with type 'a t := 'a t
t >>= f
returns a computation that sequences the computations represented by two monad elements. The resulting computation first does t
to yield a value v
, and then runs the computation returned by f v
.
ignore_m t
is map t ~f:(fun _ -> ())
. ignore_m
used to be called ignore
, but we decided that was a bad name, because it shadowed the widely used Stdlib.ignore
. Some monads still do let ignore = ignore_m
for historical reasons.
Like all
, but ensures that every monadic value in the list produces a unit value, all of which are discarded rather than being collected into a list.
These are convenient to have in scope when programming with a monad:
values t
forms the list containing every v
for which Base v
is a subexpression of t
eval t f
evaluates the proposition t
relative to an environment f
that assigns truth values to base propositions.
val eval_set :
universe:('elt, 'comparator) Set.t Lazy.t ->
('a -> ('elt, 'comparator) Set.t) ->
'a t ->
('elt, 'comparator) Set.t
eval_set ~universe set_of_base expression
returns the subset of elements e
in universe
that satisfy eval expression (fun base -> Set.mem (set_of_base base) e)
.
eval_set
assumes, but does not verify, that set_of_base
always returns a subset of universe
. If this doesn't hold, then eval_set
's result may contain elements not in universe
.
And set1 set2
represents the elements that are both in set1
and set2
, thus in the intersection of the two sets. Symmetrically, Or set1 set2
represents the union of set1
and set2
.
specialize t f
partially evaluates t
according to a perhaps-incomplete assignment f
of the values of base propositions. The following laws (at least partially) characterize its behavior.
specialize t (fun _ -> `Unknown) = t
specialize t (fun x -> `Known (f x)) = constant (eval t f)
List.for_all (values (specialize t g)) ~f:(fun x -> g x = `Unknown)
if
List.for_all (values t) ~f:(fun x ->
match g x with
| `Known b -> b = f x
| `Unknown -> true)
then
eval t f = eval (specialize t g) f
Generalizes some of the blang operations above to work in a monad.